An outcome is "something that follows as a result or consequence.”  An outcome involves an intentional change being imposed on the system (people, processes, technology), with a resulting end state that can be measured.

Outcome (results chain) and or benefit management is the set of management activities for planning, delivering, monitoring and measurement in realizing the desired objectives (goals) and outcomes and or benefits in the short, intermediate and long-term and impacts intended and unintended on targeted population or beneficiaries.

Synonyms for outcome are aftermath, consequence, results, and score. Another term commonly associated with outcome is benefit. It is why outcome management is benefit management.

A business/management ecosystem is the network of organizations—including suppliers, distributors, customers, competitors, government agencies, and so on—involved in the delivery of a specific product or service through both competition and cooperation. The idea is that each entity in the ecosystem affects and is affected by the others, creating a constantly evolving relationship in which each entity must be flexible and adaptable in order to survive as in a biological ecosystem.

Social science and humanities disciplines based ecosystems: anthropology; archaeology; economics & management; history; law; political science; sociology; psychology; linguistics; development studies; philosophy, international relations, cultural studies and geography.  

Natural and physical sciences disciplines based ecosystems: chemistry; physics, biology; biochemistry; astronomy; earth sciences; environmental sciences; and geology.

Applied sciences based ecosystems: civil engineering; mechanical engineering; electrical engineering; mining engineering; chemical engineering; biomedical engineering; aerospace engineering; industrial engineering; computer science/software engineering; Medicine/health sciences; applied mathematics; applied physics; genetics; microbiology; auditing, evaluation and criminology.